>I have chosen the word ‘zombie’ to indicate trials where false data were sufficient that I think the trial would have been retracted had the flaws been discovered after publication. The varied reasons for declaring data as false precluded a single threshold for declaring the falsification sufficient to deserve the name ‘zombie’,

1. Carlisle JB. False individual patient data and zombie randomised controlled trials submitted to Anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2020; https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15263.