We don't have the perfect solution to this yet, but we've been mulling the idea of key code locks for a while.
Current users who encounter this usually find some way to unlock their door for their guests after a phone call, leaving keys inside. The prevalence of affordable prepaid phones is helping to alleviate this issue.
I used AirBnb in Paris and my mobile didn't work. The host was gracious enough to send someone around to find the confused looking foreigners when she couldn't reach me.